Models, indexed by their paper

Models

Models, indexed by their paper. Described and linked, never ranked. A way into the literature via the models you know, not a leaderboard. For the live, exhaustive model tracker see Epoch AI.

Indexed as of 2026-06-29. This is a way in, not a leaderboard; for the live, exhaustive tracker see Epoch AI ↗.

United States (29 models, 22 with a paper here)

OpenAI

GPT-3
GPT-4
OpenAI o1
GPT-4o
no paper, system card only · model ↗
GPT-5
no paper, system card only · model ↗
gpt-oss
no paper, system card only · model ↗

Google

BERT
Switch Transformer
PaLM
PaLM 2

Google DeepMind

Gemini
Gemini 1.5
Gemini 2.5 / 3
no paper, system card only · model ↗
Gemma
Gemma 2
Gemma 3
Flamingo

Meta

Llama 2
Llama 3
Llama 4
no paper, system card only · model ↗

Anthropic

Claude 3 / 4
no paper, system card only · model ↗

Microsoft

Phi
Phi-3
Phi-4
Phi-4-reasoning

Allen Institute for AI

OLMo
OLMo 2

Princeton / CMU

Mamba

xAI

Grok 3 / 4
no paper, system card only · model ↗

China (32 models, 30 with a paper here)

DeepSeek

DeepSeek LLM
DeepSeek-V2
DeepSeek-V3
DeepSeek-R1
DeepSeekMath-V2

Alibaba

Qwen
Qwen2
Qwen2.5
Qwen2-VL
Qwen3
Tongyi DeepResearch
QwQ
no paper, system card only · model ↗

Zhipu AI

GLM-130B
ChatGLM / GLM-4
GLM-4.5

Moonshot AI

Kimi k1.5
Kimi K2

Tencent

Hunyuan-Large
Hunyuan-TurboS

Baidu

ERNIE 3.0
ERNIE 4.5

01.AI

Yi

MiniMax

MiniMax-01

Shanghai AI Laboratory

InternLM2
P1

Baichuan

Baichuan 2

Skywork

Skywork

Huawei

Pangu Ultra

Ant Group

Ling-1T

Meituan

LongCat-Flash

ByteDance

Seed1.5-VL
Doubao
no paper, system card only · model ↗

Europe (France) (4 models, 3 with a paper here)

Mistral AI

Mistral 7B
Mixtral
Magistral
Mistral Large 3
no paper, system card only · model ↗

Canada (2 models, 2 with a paper here)

Cohere

Aya
Command A

UAE (1 models, 1 with a paper here)

TII

Falcon